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From approximately 150 windmills in Berlin, which existed around 1860 in the city and the surrounding, still independent villages, there are four at its original locations on the today's city still. In addition a new building and two converted mills come in the German technique museum Berlin, in which furthermore a is. A further converted mill is developed shortly in Gatow.
These eight windmills distribute themselves on five dutchman mills and three support windmills. Apart from the still existing mills and approximately twenty road designations such as millstone way or at the mill mountain the new coat of arms of the district Prenzlauer mountain, which shows four black as style screen end element in golden sign, reminds of the large time of the citizens of Berlin windmills. Special meaning under the existing citizen of Berlin mills is attached the Britzer to mill, which is completely functional as only of the original mills. The mill trains since 1987 in one and a half-year old one training course hobby Mueller as/as the diploma . A similar training offer offers the also functional support windmill in Marzahn, which does not rank as new building from the year 1994 however among the historical mill existence. Both training are not considered as professional training.
The emphasis of this contribution lies in the description of the today existing mills. Therefore the historical part is limited to the Nachzeichnung of the most important lines of development the citizens of Berlin mill history.
In high and to latemedieval economy the mill right, which was closely coupled to the water law, belonged to the most productive and therefore also at most contested privileges [...]. (Warnatsch) there were in the citizen of Berlin area already in 13. Century with the Panke mill and a mill at the mill dam between Berlin and two followed the first windmills around 1375 in the villages at that time Buckow, Rudow and the Lehniner monastery possession Celendorpe, the today's local part Zehlendorf. In the Zauche and in the Teltow the influential Cistercian monks from Lehnin worked as pioneers in the building of mills. Due to their progressive technology they were in the villages of the young Mark Brandenburg welcome development aids and possessed even altogether 19 mills. Stefan Warnatsch estimates the incomes of the monks from their 19 mills at at least on the average approximately 100 guldens annually per mill; the profit Mueller might have amounted to the three to quadruple sum.
After the freedom of trade had replaced the restrictions of the trade guilds and the condition company and in the year 1810 as main part of the stone Hardenberg reforms to Prussia had been introduced, it came to a short boom at buildings of mills. Over 1860 existed in the city and its environment of still approximately 150 enterprises, which belonged predominantly due to capital resources lacking to the technically backward type support windmill; the more productive, substantially more expensive dutchman mills could afford only few Mueller.
Four centers with high mill concentrations had essentially developed. Approximately thirty mills stood for eight corn mills the edge of the windmill mountain long cleared away, which had given the original name to the district at the Prenzlauer mountain, of it zierten alone. The 1992 again lent coat of arms of the district Prenzlauer mountain symbol light the largest citizen of Berlin mill location, by showing four black in golden sign, which are diagonally aligned as style screen end element. The second large center formed the area around Mueller and maritime route in the Wedding, for eleven mills stood north of beautiful mountain and a large number of Loh and milling mills was in Rixdorf. More than twenty street names remind in the year 2005 of the old mill locations, of it carry alone for ten the designation mill road or mill way. In addition further names with the most different compositions as for example , millstone way or at the mill mountain come.
The citizens of Berlin of mill mountains and hills are appropriate predominantly on that approximately 15 meters thick plates of the Barnim and Teltow, for closed of the Saale ice age and the last ice age, which is overlaid by flatwavy partially. In particular in the boundary regions the Wassermassen of the abtauenden glaciers left hilly deposits from boulder clay and sand before approximately 15,000 years. The hill with meager vegetation, tundra-similar in far parts, were very much suitable as locations for windmills. Also on the slope range of the Nauener plate, whose reaches up to the western Havelniederung, windmill mountain an old - and shortly more renewed - mill location with the Gatower, which stands with the rare type of vegetation sand Trockenrasenflora under nature protection, is.
The introduction of the more effective drive form steam strength led to the fact that most natural force-claimant mills had not any longer been up to and disappeared to the competition pressure by 1870. The second mill dying followed this so-called first mill dying with the increasing electrification of the mill drive and the training of the large mills . Of that formerly approximately 150 enterprises a handful remained, which tried after 1945 partially again - in vain - to keep up with the large-scale enterprises. The last still actually producing windmill, however already engine-claimant, was the young remote mill in Buckow, which gave 1980 up the enterprise. The prime mover of mankind, oldest beside the water wheel, the Windrad, had thereby regarding the in Berlin finally retired and today for historical and/or musealen reasons, to lover, for training purposes and for retaining a piece of old mill romance is only maintained.
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