Criticism

The rise of the tourism has often serious consequences for nature and culture in the bereisten countries and regions:

For the tourists the appropriate infrastructure (hotel plants, roads, transportation facilities up to particularly established airports) must be established. On nature, culture and traditional structures thereby no consideration is often taken. The stronger the adjustment to the requirements of the mass tourism is, the rather local cultural traditions only than show and production for the tourists is resumed. The tourism becomes in such a way the Monokultur, to which whole regions for profit reasons subordinate themselves. The tourism is thereby, like also the Unterhaltungsindustrie, part of the economic globalization, which leads Verwestlichung in many parts of the world to one "„"“. Tourists travel to as such applied and noticed "„exotic (vacation) Paradiese "“and contribute straight by the fact also to the fact that the cultural peculiarities of these countries are back-pushed. "„Foreigner "“is adapted to the desires and conceptions of the guests and thus to the window blind.

Considerable is also the damage to environment and nature: To call is first in particular the air pollution caused by the travel activity. The sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide load in smaller tourist places such as Davos or standard forest reached often the level usual in large cities and cross sometimes for instance the limit values certified in the USA. Fatal the becvorzugte use of emission-intensive means of transport affects itself to that extent such as car and airplane. In addition, water and soil are approximately exposed multiple loads in large number for instance to the bath traveler besieging the Mediterranean coasts by the oil of motor vehicles and sport boats, in addition, the sun protective agents.

A large problem represents the garbage left by tourists. On the one hand it results during the vacation in sizes of pro head quantities as at home. Above all however it can be disposed for instance in mountain areas or at beaches frequently only with much larger difficulties than in the developed infrastructures of the cities. The quantity of waste alone left in the Austrian alps becomes estimated on annually approx. 4,500 tons, the waste water quantity on 90.000 cubic meters.

Tourism continues to lead to the intensified consumption of natural resources: Thus straight bring the way of life of western tourists to the third world in countries with its air conditioning systems and Swimmingpools a problematic rise of the energy and water consumption with itself. Lastly again frequently dropping the ground-water level with all its consequences for the local potable water supply and the irrigation in the agriculture causes.

Finally tourism impairs often nature areas, biotopes and ecological systems also existing, and thus the base of life for animals and plants. Partial is to be due this to the soil sealing connected typically with the establishment of accommodations and holiday areas. To call are the far among other things animal world native by Rodungen for ski runways, Langlaufloipen and moving ways conditioned erosion, the damage of water biotopes by Segler, Surfer and divers, as well as the disturbance for instance by long runners and deep snow drivers.

Mentioned finally also the aesthetic Verunstaltung of grown nature and culture landscapes is by routistic infrastructures in this connection.

In contrast to this a reaction, "„the gentle tourism in such a way specified developed "“since beginning of the 1980er years. Conceptions are environment and socialcompatible travel to a solution, at least however defusing, which with the tourism connected problems contribute. It promotes the lasting use of routistic conditions, respect for the cultural traditions of the bereisten countries and careful handling natural resources. While keels of this movement are rather problem-conscious individual travelers as well as smaller alternative tour operators, individual elements become in addition, - already for image reasons - taken up by the established market leaders of the tourism industry.

Not to be forgotten it may also that the economic interests of the powerful and financialstrong tourism economy contributed often however straight also to the protection and receipt of endangered nature areas. An intact and aesthetically delightful environment ranks finally among the most important capital of the industry, if not to its living conditions. Thus for instance humid areas were received and protected on Jamaica and Canadian forests likewise from routistic considerations like African large game existence or farmer houses in the Toskana. Besides the tourism received threatened industries in many places from the fall and worked against - as for instance in the west alps - the depopulation of whole regions.

While many critics describe above all the consequences of the tourism, the French film producer and situationist Guy Debord (1931-1994) placed the tourism into "„the society of the Spektakels "“in question. It described "„the nature of the tourism "“in the following way: "“ The by-product of the goods circulation, the human circulation, i.e. the tourism, regarded as consumption, can be essentially attributed to the leisure to visit which became banal. The economic development of the attendance of different places is already automatically the warranty of their equivalence. The same modernization, which extracted the time from the journey, extracted also the reality of the area from her. "“

Future prospects

Prognoses over the development of the tourism meet substantially larger difficulties than in other industries. Partially this is connected with the fact that central economic understanding in the tourism range are often less clearly defined. In large measure vaguely and outlineless already is the routistic product: Are not only inquired by the travelers material achievements such as accommodations or transfers, but also and even primarily immaterial "“attractions"” like objects of interest, delightful landscapes, determined weather conditions, vacation luck and recovery, tendencies and dreams of all kinds, which are neither manufacture nor renewable and extract themselves in the reason of any economic evaluation. Also the routistic consumption can be quantified only with difficulty, many goods and services inquired by tourists as for instance to achievements of the catering trade and the traffic sector also by native ones is nevertheless used, without a demarcation would be possible. Also it is missing at reliable methods the Kapitaleinsatz to compute.

The of the terms makes more difficult also the collection of a reliable database. When further imponderability is added that the demand behavior of the tourists in by far stronger measure by irrational, subjective determinants is determined than other market participant. Into the decision often vague, from time currents, flows mode trends and cultural coinages dependent expectations, needs and motives, which are with difficulty analyzable and also by purposeful product advertising only in very limited measure can be manipulated. Finally the routistic product is neither transportation nor storable: It must be consumed at the place of its emergence at a certain fixed time, that travelers must to the product go thus in time. Unforeseeable disturbances such as natural catastrophes, terrorism, civil wars, strikes affect therefore on the tourism substantially more fatal than other industries.

All these problems lead to it that economic theories only very general and overall statements can for development the tourism industry meet, as for instance that the costs of the space overcoming will continue to decrease, a stronger diversification with supply and demand to be observed will have, and holidays "“in many cases by more than one motive"” are certain. Isolated attempts to pretend by impressive mathematical formulas and models an objectively not vorhandes measure of objectivity and are able in it nothing to change.

The difficulty the list of reliable prognoses led again and again to catastrophic bad investments. Most well-known example is the 1992 opened recreational park Eurodisney with Paris, which brought in alone in the first two years nearly 1 billion for its operators "€ loss. In addition, large-scale holiday areas to the Costa del Sol and the west alps as well as the intensified development of the hotel capacities in West German large cities in the seventies proved as economic misses.

To the most important determining future factors of the remote tourism in the future the development of the petroleum price might belong. Since the remote tourism is completed primarily with the airplane, a constantly rising kerosene price - e.g. in the context of the peak oil phenomenon or due to political crisis and fuel shortage situations exerted by it - can affect direct the demand behavior of customers. It is counted with experts (e.g. with the "“Ludwig Boelkow system engineering GmbH"”, an establishment of the former flight pioneer Ludwig Boelkow, or with the "“German bank"”) on the fact that on middle view the tourism could concentrate more strongly on national and/or regional close range and lose the remote tourism equally at meaning, as the fuel prices will world-wide rise.

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Related Websites

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• Tourism Australia
  Official site of the Australian Tourist Commission.


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• World Tourism Organization (WTO)
  Global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how.